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Bacterial Vaginosis

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. This changes the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. Any woman can get bacterial vaginosis. Having bacterial vaginosis can increase your chance of getting an STD.

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15-44.

Researchers do not know the cause of BV or how some women get it. We do know that the infection typically occurs in sexually active women. BV is linked to an imbalance of “good” and “harmful” bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina. Having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners, as well as douching, can upset the balance of bacteria, putting a woman at increased risk for getting BV.

You cannot get BV from toilet seats, bedding, or swimming pools.

  • How can I avoid getting bacterial vaginosis?
  • I’m pregnant. How does bacterial vaginosis affect my baby?
  • How do I know if I have bacterial vaginosis?
  • How will my doctor know if I have bacterial vaginosis?
  • Can bacterial vaginosis be cured?
  • What happens if I don’t get treated?

Doctors and scientists do not completely understand how BV spreads. There are no known best ways to prevent it. The following basic prevention steps may help lower your risk of developing BV:

  • Not having sex
  • Limiting your number of sex partners
  • Not douching

Pregnant women can get BV. Pregnant women with BV are more likely to have babies born premature (early) or with low birth weight than pregnant women without BV. Low birth weight means having a baby that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth.

Treatment is especially important for pregnant women.

Many women with BV do not have symptoms. If you do have symptoms, you may notice:

  • Vaginal discharge, or a strong fish-like odor
  • Pain, itching, or burning in the vagina
  • Burning when urinating
Your provider can perform laboratory tests on a sample of vaginal fluid to determine if BV is present.

BV will sometimes go away without treatment. But if you have symptoms of BV you should be checked and treated. It is important that you take all of the medicine prescribed to you, even if your symptoms go away. A health care provider can treat BV with antibiotics, but BV may return even after treatment. Treatment may also reduce the risk for some STDs.

Male sex partners of women diagnosed with BV generally do not need to be treated. 

BV can cause some serious health risks, including:

  • Increasing your chance of getting HIV if you have sex with someone who is infected with HIV
  • If you are HIV positive, increasing your chance of passing HIV to your sex partner
  • Making it more likely that you will deliver your baby too early if you have BV while pregnant
  • Increasing your chance of getting other STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. These bacteria can sometimes cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which can make it difficult or impossible for you to have children.